Foreign Policy Process
This week we have discussed about the foreign policy process in which we are taught on how policies are formulated. The first step is the decision making in which they tackle topics issues and try to come up resolutions, the next step would be implementations this is where the resolutions are applied so that it could be tested the nest step is results and consequence this step is where there are readjustments and negotiations like amendments to the situation the amendments to the action taken then they evaluate this is the reporting then they would again evaluate and revise which would be going back to decision making again. This process helps to perfect or maybe close to perfect foreign policy. From what I learned foreign policy is a set of guidelines of the state in it’s relations with other states it is flexible compared to international law because it is rigid.
Sunday, September 5, 2010
Major concerns of RP foreign Policy
Major concerns of RP foreign Policy
We have discussed in the main concerns of the foreign policies of our country one of these topics is actively participating in regional or international cooperation exercises, in the current situations happening like the Manila Hostage Drama, if we had strong relations with our regional/international organizations we may have less critiques because instead of looking at our country as a country who had killed foreign nationals, they would rather look at our country as a country who needed assistance and help from others. A large factor in the slow development of our country is the unstable administration for our government is divided into two the administration and the opposition. Two sides who has different governing strategies in every six years this is what had happening to us. Maybe it was rightful to have a parliamentary government so that our government will be stable so that we could establish a good government that could actually productive. It is obvious that our current administration has no future plans for our countries Foreign Policies. Maybe in time (hopefully) he would improve into a better leader
We have discussed in the main concerns of the foreign policies of our country one of these topics is actively participating in regional or international cooperation exercises, in the current situations happening like the Manila Hostage Drama, if we had strong relations with our regional/international organizations we may have less critiques because instead of looking at our country as a country who had killed foreign nationals, they would rather look at our country as a country who needed assistance and help from others. A large factor in the slow development of our country is the unstable administration for our government is divided into two the administration and the opposition. Two sides who has different governing strategies in every six years this is what had happening to us. Maybe it was rightful to have a parliamentary government so that our government will be stable so that we could establish a good government that could actually productive. It is obvious that our current administration has no future plans for our countries Foreign Policies. Maybe in time (hopefully) he would improve into a better leader
Peace process in Mindanao
Peace process in Mindanao
We have tackled the peace process in Mindanao wherein we discussed why it is an issue that Indonesia is the chosen mediator to the peace process in Mindanao. The question is was it fair or is it bias of them interfering in the conflict. For me I believe that it is a bit bias since Mindanao and Indonesia was rumored having ties so that Indonesia will own Philippines that is why Indonesia is funding MILF and other rebel groups. Another topic we have discussed is the proposal of Mindanao in joining the OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference) but the OIC did not let them join the Organization because they does not have the requirements of them being an independent state as Mindanao. And from what I understood from our discussion our government did not enter the OIC because it would conflict to our national interest. My suggestion to the problem in the Mindanao is that we should have been close to the brothers there in Mindanao since they are also Filipino citizens they should be also treated fairly and avoid racial discrimination against their belief and religion. In order to make our country great is if we observe unity to every Filipino. I believe that there is still hope for us to develop and achieve success.
We have tackled the peace process in Mindanao wherein we discussed why it is an issue that Indonesia is the chosen mediator to the peace process in Mindanao. The question is was it fair or is it bias of them interfering in the conflict. For me I believe that it is a bit bias since Mindanao and Indonesia was rumored having ties so that Indonesia will own Philippines that is why Indonesia is funding MILF and other rebel groups. Another topic we have discussed is the proposal of Mindanao in joining the OIC (Organization of Islamic Conference) but the OIC did not let them join the Organization because they does not have the requirements of them being an independent state as Mindanao. And from what I understood from our discussion our government did not enter the OIC because it would conflict to our national interest. My suggestion to the problem in the Mindanao is that we should have been close to the brothers there in Mindanao since they are also Filipino citizens they should be also treated fairly and avoid racial discrimination against their belief and religion. In order to make our country great is if we observe unity to every Filipino. I believe that there is still hope for us to develop and achieve success.
Public diplomacy seminar- Philippine tourism
Public diplomacy seminar- Philippine tourism
The early session of our seminar last Aug. 28, 2010 we had the secretary of the Department of Tourism to give us a tiny lecture. I was a bit late but the topic that got my attention was the happening about the Manila Hostage Drama last Aug 23, 2010. The tourism of country had been affected to what had happened. OFWs had been deported and had experience racial discrimination. I am mad at those who had no own opinion who had been stereotyping Filipinos all over the world. As I said to my other blogs no one wanted this to happen but if the situation was handled well maybe it ended up differently. Tourism is an important factor to the development of the country that is why future diplomats like CDA students must know the factors and how to handle problems concering tourism because like what had happened in the incident in Quirino grandstand which is now costing us so much suffering especially in international relations we have been banned in plenty of countries around the world. There must be a policy concerning the security of tourist so that they will have assurance when they visit our country. It will bring more income in our tourism and will also give us more employment for our people.
The early session of our seminar last Aug. 28, 2010 we had the secretary of the Department of Tourism to give us a tiny lecture. I was a bit late but the topic that got my attention was the happening about the Manila Hostage Drama last Aug 23, 2010. The tourism of country had been affected to what had happened. OFWs had been deported and had experience racial discrimination. I am mad at those who had no own opinion who had been stereotyping Filipinos all over the world. As I said to my other blogs no one wanted this to happen but if the situation was handled well maybe it ended up differently. Tourism is an important factor to the development of the country that is why future diplomats like CDA students must know the factors and how to handle problems concering tourism because like what had happened in the incident in Quirino grandstand which is now costing us so much suffering especially in international relations we have been banned in plenty of countries around the world. There must be a policy concerning the security of tourist so that they will have assurance when they visit our country. It will bring more income in our tourism and will also give us more employment for our people.
President Aquino’s SONA
President Aquino’s SONA
We have discussed the contents of the SONA of Pres. Aquino in the classroom wherein we also have a group discussion about the topic that had been mentioned by Pres. Aquino that had some relations to Philippine foreign policy. We had chosen infrastructure wherein we open our country to foreign investors to freely invest here and start business here. This was also implemented at the time of Pres. Ramos according to my Prof. in intrela before Mrs. Banez. The infrastructure will take time before it will be felt in the HDI of the country but for sure it will give changes to our current economic status. One of the fruits of opening our country to infrastructures are SLEX, NLEX, MRT, etc. I believe that the MRT is partially owned by our government that is why at the time of Pres. Arroyo, policies are easily implemented like making operations of the Metro 24 hours for the call center agents.
Going back to the topic I may say that it was typical and believe it or not I expected that It will turn out something like that because since a new elected President he will surely insult or rather make the past administration look bad. I am aware that a SONA is wherein the President should address the public about the current status of our country but from what I noticed in his speech is that almost half of it was numbers and statistics that I believe an average Filipino citizen would not appreciate at all. I hoped that instead of pushing down the hope of the Filipino people I recommend of pushing their hopes up instead wasting the opportunity to be heard in being unprofessional and soil the achievement of the past administration. It is showing immaturity since she is no competition from him already, he might have some insights for the past leader of our country but there is no reason or anything to pinpoint on someone. He is young and maybe lacks potential of being a leader and his administration is young, maybe we should give him another chance.
We have discussed the contents of the SONA of Pres. Aquino in the classroom wherein we also have a group discussion about the topic that had been mentioned by Pres. Aquino that had some relations to Philippine foreign policy. We had chosen infrastructure wherein we open our country to foreign investors to freely invest here and start business here. This was also implemented at the time of Pres. Ramos according to my Prof. in intrela before Mrs. Banez. The infrastructure will take time before it will be felt in the HDI of the country but for sure it will give changes to our current economic status. One of the fruits of opening our country to infrastructures are SLEX, NLEX, MRT, etc. I believe that the MRT is partially owned by our government that is why at the time of Pres. Arroyo, policies are easily implemented like making operations of the Metro 24 hours for the call center agents.
Going back to the topic I may say that it was typical and believe it or not I expected that It will turn out something like that because since a new elected President he will surely insult or rather make the past administration look bad. I am aware that a SONA is wherein the President should address the public about the current status of our country but from what I noticed in his speech is that almost half of it was numbers and statistics that I believe an average Filipino citizen would not appreciate at all. I hoped that instead of pushing down the hope of the Filipino people I recommend of pushing their hopes up instead wasting the opportunity to be heard in being unprofessional and soil the achievement of the past administration. It is showing immaturity since she is no competition from him already, he might have some insights for the past leader of our country but there is no reason or anything to pinpoint on someone. He is young and maybe lacks potential of being a leader and his administration is young, maybe we should give him another chance.
President Aquino’s SONA
We have discussed the contents of the SONA of Pres. Aquino in the classroom wherein we also have a group discussion about the topic that had been mentioned by Pres. Aquino that had some relations to Philippine foreign policy. We had chosen infrastructure wherein we open our country to foreign investors to freely invest here and start business here. This was also implemented at the time of Pres. Ramos according to my Prof. in intrela before Mrs. Banez. The infrastructure will take time before it will be felt in the HDI of the country but for sure it will give changes to our current economic status. One of the fruits of opening our country to infrastructures are SLEX, NLEX, MRT, etc. I believe that the MRT is partially owned by our government that is why at the time of Pres. Arroyo, policies are easily implemented like making operations of the Metro 24 hours for the call center agents.
Going back to the topic I may say that it was typical and believe it or not I expected that It will turn out something like that because since a new elected President he will surely insult or rather make the past administration look bad. I am aware that a SONA is wherein the President should address the public about the current status of our country but from what I noticed in his speech is that almost half of it was numbers and statistics that I believe an average Filipino citizen would not appreciate at all. I hoped that instead of pushing down the hope of the Filipino people I recommend of pushing their hopes up instead wasting the opportunity to be heard in being unprofessional and soil the achievement of the past administration. It is showing immaturity since she is no competition from him already, he might have some insights for the past leader of our country but there is no reason or anything to pinpoint on someone. He is young and maybe lacks potential of being a leader and his administration is young, maybe we should give him another chance.
We have discussed the contents of the SONA of Pres. Aquino in the classroom wherein we also have a group discussion about the topic that had been mentioned by Pres. Aquino that had some relations to Philippine foreign policy. We had chosen infrastructure wherein we open our country to foreign investors to freely invest here and start business here. This was also implemented at the time of Pres. Ramos according to my Prof. in intrela before Mrs. Banez. The infrastructure will take time before it will be felt in the HDI of the country but for sure it will give changes to our current economic status. One of the fruits of opening our country to infrastructures are SLEX, NLEX, MRT, etc. I believe that the MRT is partially owned by our government that is why at the time of Pres. Arroyo, policies are easily implemented like making operations of the Metro 24 hours for the call center agents.
Going back to the topic I may say that it was typical and believe it or not I expected that It will turn out something like that because since a new elected President he will surely insult or rather make the past administration look bad. I am aware that a SONA is wherein the President should address the public about the current status of our country but from what I noticed in his speech is that almost half of it was numbers and statistics that I believe an average Filipino citizen would not appreciate at all. I hoped that instead of pushing down the hope of the Filipino people I recommend of pushing their hopes up instead wasting the opportunity to be heard in being unprofessional and soil the achievement of the past administration. It is showing immaturity since she is no competition from him already, he might have some insights for the past leader of our country but there is no reason or anything to pinpoint on someone. He is young and maybe lacks potential of being a leader and his administration is young, maybe we should give him another chance.
International Law Seminar- Child Soldiers
International Law Seminar- Child Soldiers
I may sound corny in this but here goes, I still believe that the children are our future. This is a little bit corny since the saying is popular because of a song of Michael Jackson yet the saying has a lot of meaning in it. Children should be guided well specially when they are growing up because this when they will realize what is right from wrong, where they generate their personalities. In the seminar of child soldiers wherein Sergeant Ras and Colonel Hermosa they were part of the UN peace keeping of the AFP according to my father. I wasn’t sure of the information because I believe that UN peace keeping shouldn’t been handled by the armed forces Going back to the topic, child soldiers is an important topic to everyone especially future diplomats like us, First reason on why we should focus on such topic is because it is a violation of the rights of a person in the case of the minor soldiers they did not know these so called human rights for them in simple ways such as letting them play or feeding them well is enough guarantee to them to work as bandits killing other people. Second is we need to put it into mind that children are easily influenced. In the presentation of Sgt. Ras the child soldier that showed us photos wherein they captured has innocent eyes of the child soldiers.
Friday, September 3, 2010
Manila Hostage Drama
At first I was not aware of what is happening because I had no TV set in my dorm, on my way home I saw a bunch of people that is gathered around a TV in the street then I asked what is happening then they informed me that is there is currently a hostage that he said that were “Korean nationals”. Then when I arrived at my dorm I immediately searched what is happening in the Internet. There were still no videos or articles. As I woke up I was still curious of what had happened so I searched the Internet again. I saw an article from the inquirer I think and my reaction to the crisis is that very devastated and ashamed. I don’t know if I should pity our government or should I be mad. The saddest thing that I heard is when the incident is happening our president is nowhere to be found. He said that there were people assigned to handle the happening. I would not to compare but I believe that Pres. Arroyo may have handled the situation much better. The president of the country is the commander in chief so what he order goes. There is no one else higher is suppose to handle that. Especially that is something to do with our international relations with Hong kong. Everyone is asking who is to blame? The first suspect for me I believe is President Aquino. Next is the driver who escaped, I think if he didn’t gave his word that all of the hostages are dead already I believe the police might have been careful. All in all for me there is no one to blame because no one wanted that to happen. Let us just pray for the souls of those poor souls of the hostages and leave it to God to decide and judge who is to blame.
One world, many theories
In our many subjects in our course, theories are usually discussed before we head on to the main topics because theories are usually used to identify the factors of the phenomena wherein they are put under a microscope in order to figure out the very reasons of what may had caused the problem. I believed also that theories are used in such way that we will be able to approach the conflict in a professional way or rather applying our profession to solve what may have happened. If you may ask me one of the mainstream theories for me are realism, liberalism and capitalism. Realism is wherein there is only one actor and that is the state. The state is wherein govern the country as my previous intrela professor Ms. Banez “the state and state alone.” In realism national security is the main national interest of the country when I think of realism I remember the happening in the US wherein they declared war between Iraq because of what had happened in the 9/11 incident. I believe that liberalism is the most typical in the world because in liberalism the people are heard and everyone has his/her freedom to speak his or her mind. The actors here are the state, ngos and the people. In capitalism I believe the government is controlled by the market which they propose free market or free trade between countries to put them together and unite them. I believe that there are so called social classes or was that mercantilism where those who have the gold or anything that the king and queen says will be followed.
Sunday, August 22, 2010
Asean speech of Pres. Noynoy
Based on what I understood from the speech of Pres. Aquino it was very safe and a bit innocent because I observed that he was all new to the international relations. It may sound wrong that the president himself is not familiar to these part of him running his office. International relations is an important factor to the economic development since intergovernmentalism is indeed in demand now a days. I could not imagine a state that is still pursuing to be self-sufficient that could still survive in our world today since our resources are rapidly decreasing that is why there are such this as competition and global financial crisis in our hands because as time goes by it is getting harder and harder to survive and afford a life in this world. Going back to the topic, Pres. Aquino just described the 3 key pilars of ASEAN which were political security, economic and socio-cultural. As to my Prof. Ambassador Rosario Manalo the one who made the speech of Pres. Aquino must br fired because it has no context. I'm keeping my hopes up for Pres. Aquino that maybe in time he will learn and grow up into maybe the "perfect leader" if he will choose the road to not taken.
Sunday, August 15, 2010
anti VFA
Bayan: Anti-VFA campaign will intensify
Fishers protesting Obama backing for pact
By Erika Tapalla
INQUIRER.net
First Posted 12:43:00 03/15/2009
Filed Under: Foreign affairs & international relations, Military,Treaties & International Organisations, Protest
MANILA, Philippines -- (UPDATE) The militant Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (Bayan, New Patriotic Alliance) vowed to step up its campaign against the Visiting Force Agreement, a day after US President Barack Obama called up President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, supposedly to affirm his country’s commitment to the controversial pact.
Bayan secretary general chided Arroyo who, he said, “missed a rare opportunity to speak out for national interest. She did not even raise the issue of rape victim Nicole and the custody of convicted rapist Daniel Smith. The interest of justice was again set aside in favor of upholding unequal ties with the US.”
Reyes was referring to the continuing controversy over the detention of Smith, a rape convict, at the US embassy instead of a Philippine jail.
Bayan also accused Obama for continuing the policies of his predecessor George W. Bush.
“Mr. Obama’s call to Arroyo does not show any departure from the Bush policy of US intervention in other countries through military agreements like the VFA. This is not the change that people expect from the Obama administration. He’s giving us more of the same Bush ‘war on terror’ rhetoric,” Reyes said.
“Obama, who is also a lawyer, seems to be unaware the that the VFA was not even ratified by the US Senate and is not even enforceable in the US given the US Supreme Court decision in Medellin vs. Texas,” Reyes added.
Bayan said Obama’s support for the controversial agreement will “challenge oppositors to further expose the real US agenda in the VFA.”
Bayan’s US chapter and Gabriela USA are conducting a petition campaign addressed to Obama, Secretary of State Hilary Clinton, Senate Foreign Relations chairman John Kerry, House Foreign Affairs chairman Howard Berman and House Appropriations chair Barbara Lee.
The US petition started last week and is part of an international campaign to pressure the US government to scrap the VFA, pull out American troops stationed in the Philippines, terminate military aid and turn over Smith to Philippine authorities.
In a text message to INQUIRER.net, Reyes said "We plan to take it to Capitol Hill and the White House."
A protest action in the Philippines is set on March 21, the anniversary of the US invasion of Iraq, where protesters will be calling on the US to pull out its troops from Iraq and the Philippines.
On Monday, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya, National Forces of the Fishers' Movement of the Philippines) will take its protest against Obama’s support for the VFA to the seas off the Bicol region, where Philippine and US troops will be holding joint military exercises.
In a statement issued Sunday, Pamalakaya information officer said their regional affiliate Lakas ng Mangingisda ng Bicol (Lambat-Bicol, Forces of the Bicol Fishers), the Ban Balikatan and Bayan-Bicol chapter will launch the fluvial protest, participated in by 30 boats, from San Roque town Albay, around 8 a.m., and sail to the Legazpi City pier where a rally will be held against the VFA and Balikatan (shoulder-to-shoulder) exercises..
Similar fluvial protests have been scheduled in Sorsogon and Masbate, Pamalakaya said.
Salvador France, Lambat-chairperson and Pamalakaya vice chairman for Luzon, said they were disappointed by Obama’s assurance to Arroyo that the US would stand by the VFA and praising the Philippines’ counterterrorism efforts.
“This is [a] plain and simple case of same dog, new collar syndrome,” France said.
“This region wide Bangkaan laban sa Balikatan exercises (Boats against the Balikatan exercises) will be the Bicolano fisherfolk’s expression of outrage against this undeniable intervention and war of aggression by US military troops under the camouflage of Balikatan exercises,” Corpuz said.
I myself is against the Visiting forces Agreement, Why did you ask? First of all I am a Filipino citizen I mean who wants his/her home to be invaded by outsiders who has no idea of the country’s national interest. I believe that VFA is a way of invading a state’s sovereignty. I understand that Pres. Arroyo had to choose between risking the country’s security and giving strangers the permission to invade our home and the hope of economic development by siding the Hegemond. I observed that Pres. Arroyo was an economist so in some way her decision may be right but I believe that as the article above mentioned that it was out of our country’s national interest. My fear was if she refused we may be like Iraq. I hate to admit it but the US has great power to interfere in conflicts.
Monday, August 2, 2010
xomparison
“Comparison of the State of the Nation Addresses of Pres. Fidel V. Ramos and Pres. Corazon C. Aquino”
The State of the Nation’s Address of the president must state the current status of the country. Issues, problems or anything that will challenge our state currently or in the future must be mentioned in SONA. It is not a way that a President may use to address somebody to accuse them of anything or criticize them on their work. As a good leader a role model to everyone with proper attitude towards his/her rival.
From what I have noticed on the State of the Nation of both presidents, I noticed that the problems that are mentioned are almost the same. First that was always mentioned was the problem about the rate of unemployment in our country, in 1987 2.6 million were unemployed while in 1992 2.3 million are jobless. Another problem was the international debts but I believe that the debt at the time of Pres. Cory Aquino was crucial because she had mentioned that the Administration before her dug a very deep hole that even our children’s children will be paying until they were 50. I believe that this next topic is present to all of the SONAs of all the Presidents and this topic is Poverty. I believe that there is no solution to poverty since the population of our country is rapidly growing.
The SONA of Pres. Cory Aquino as I have noticed is that it is very democratic rather than economic like Pres. Ramos. You would notice that even in the State of the Nations address that she cannot disregard being a Wife and a Mother as well. I have read the her first SONA and her Last SONA and neither of any of those SONA did she forget to mention his beloved husband Ninoy. From her first SONA you would notice that one of the problems that she highlighted was malnutrition, Medicare and Teacher’s salaries must be raised and equality for all men (no special treatments, no monopolies and transparent trade liberalizations.) Like what every mother would teach her children that there is no favoritisms and there’s no easy way to anything. In fairness to Pres. Cory the kind of approach hat she use to govern our nation was very effective. Though there were many coup de at at her time, she remained strong and fought for the democracy of our country. She amended the constitution to make sure that there is just for every Filipino Citizen.
The SONA of Pres. Fidel Ramos really amazed me since from his first SONA he already had ties with the United States not just from their Government but he also has ties with their Military. Since Pres. Ramos was a Military reserve of the Philippines I believe that he has this discipline from everything that he does. Everything must be done right. I have noticed that he highlighted such issues as crime, peace and security. I believe that Pres. Ramos was the President who has the most foreign visit until he was replaced by Pres. Arroyo. He made many relations with many nations. These relations helped our country progress rapidly. In these he opened our country to be open to foreign investors to invest in our country and help us in many different problems but by opening our country to these investors it took time to progress. It progressed by the time of Pres. Erap that is why many Filipinos experienced growth at his time which means a growth in HDI (human development index.) But most of all he focused in erasing crime in our country and most of all the abuse of power of those who are seated in place or for those who have power. He mentioned that those that who will be caught abusing of his/.her power would be charged double. I agree to this because in this “Anti-crime commission” that he made would make our country’s development progress faster. Leaders have the ability to influence people. Many people look up to them that is why they are the ones who should be careful to what are they doing. He focused on public investments that would make us more productive and has economic returns. He mentioned that we must focus on investing on our communication, arterial highways, local and national roads, major bridges, major water conservation and flood control projects, in these we would not just help us improve our tourism but also improve our growth in production of goods and services that he mentioned that will be exported since we will receive more profit. He also fixed our banking system wherein he opened our country in banks such as china bank, Citibank, American express, etc. to fasten the businesses. As same with Pres. Cory he mentioned that he will improve the education and the quality of education whether achieved in a public school or private. Lastly, He mentioned that the military must have our attention since national security is indeed very important.
In conclusion, I believe that both State of the Nation were both very excellent. Though they have different approaches in achieving change in our country, I believe that both of the achieved what they wanted. But in aspects like poverty and crime in our country I believe that there would be no more solution to these problems since these are curses that any President, even the smartest, the most loyal president wouldn’t answer because I believe that change is in the hands of every Filipino. All we need is a little hope and courage.
The State of the Nation’s Address of the president must state the current status of the country. Issues, problems or anything that will challenge our state currently or in the future must be mentioned in SONA. It is not a way that a President may use to address somebody to accuse them of anything or criticize them on their work. As a good leader a role model to everyone with proper attitude towards his/her rival.
From what I have noticed on the State of the Nation of both presidents, I noticed that the problems that are mentioned are almost the same. First that was always mentioned was the problem about the rate of unemployment in our country, in 1987 2.6 million were unemployed while in 1992 2.3 million are jobless. Another problem was the international debts but I believe that the debt at the time of Pres. Cory Aquino was crucial because she had mentioned that the Administration before her dug a very deep hole that even our children’s children will be paying until they were 50. I believe that this next topic is present to all of the SONAs of all the Presidents and this topic is Poverty. I believe that there is no solution to poverty since the population of our country is rapidly growing.
The SONA of Pres. Cory Aquino as I have noticed is that it is very democratic rather than economic like Pres. Ramos. You would notice that even in the State of the Nations address that she cannot disregard being a Wife and a Mother as well. I have read the her first SONA and her Last SONA and neither of any of those SONA did she forget to mention his beloved husband Ninoy. From her first SONA you would notice that one of the problems that she highlighted was malnutrition, Medicare and Teacher’s salaries must be raised and equality for all men (no special treatments, no monopolies and transparent trade liberalizations.) Like what every mother would teach her children that there is no favoritisms and there’s no easy way to anything. In fairness to Pres. Cory the kind of approach hat she use to govern our nation was very effective. Though there were many coup de at at her time, she remained strong and fought for the democracy of our country. She amended the constitution to make sure that there is just for every Filipino Citizen.
The SONA of Pres. Fidel Ramos really amazed me since from his first SONA he already had ties with the United States not just from their Government but he also has ties with their Military. Since Pres. Ramos was a Military reserve of the Philippines I believe that he has this discipline from everything that he does. Everything must be done right. I have noticed that he highlighted such issues as crime, peace and security. I believe that Pres. Ramos was the President who has the most foreign visit until he was replaced by Pres. Arroyo. He made many relations with many nations. These relations helped our country progress rapidly. In these he opened our country to be open to foreign investors to invest in our country and help us in many different problems but by opening our country to these investors it took time to progress. It progressed by the time of Pres. Erap that is why many Filipinos experienced growth at his time which means a growth in HDI (human development index.) But most of all he focused in erasing crime in our country and most of all the abuse of power of those who are seated in place or for those who have power. He mentioned that those that who will be caught abusing of his/.her power would be charged double. I agree to this because in this “Anti-crime commission” that he made would make our country’s development progress faster. Leaders have the ability to influence people. Many people look up to them that is why they are the ones who should be careful to what are they doing. He focused on public investments that would make us more productive and has economic returns. He mentioned that we must focus on investing on our communication, arterial highways, local and national roads, major bridges, major water conservation and flood control projects, in these we would not just help us improve our tourism but also improve our growth in production of goods and services that he mentioned that will be exported since we will receive more profit. He also fixed our banking system wherein he opened our country in banks such as china bank, Citibank, American express, etc. to fasten the businesses. As same with Pres. Cory he mentioned that he will improve the education and the quality of education whether achieved in a public school or private. Lastly, He mentioned that the military must have our attention since national security is indeed very important.
In conclusion, I believe that both State of the Nation were both very excellent. Though they have different approaches in achieving change in our country, I believe that both of the achieved what they wanted. But in aspects like poverty and crime in our country I believe that there would be no more solution to these problems since these are curses that any President, even the smartest, the most loyal president wouldn’t answer because I believe that change is in the hands of every Filipino. All we need is a little hope and courage.
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
midterms exam
10853189
Territorial integrity and National security
"The Republic of the Philippines is a relatively young nation, having been in existence for less than sixty years. Yet, its islands have a very old and rich history - a history that has been influenced by some of the greatest empires and most powerful nations in the history of the world. The majority of its citizens are of Malay stock, descendants of Indonesians and Malays who migrated to the Philippine islands long before the Christian era of the 16th century. Chinese merchants and traders were the first of the non-Malays to settle in the islands, arriving in the ninth century A.D., and remain its most significant minority group today. Arabs then began to arrive in the 14th century, bringing Islam with them (primarily to the southern islands).
Europeans first appeared in 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan claimed the Philippines for Spain during his circumnavigation of the globe. That period of Spanish rule continued for almost four hundred years and was marked by numerous uprisings, ending in Spain's ceding of the islands to the United States in 1898 as part of the spoils of the Spanish-American war. America's occupation of the Philippines was also initially marked by a war of Filipino resistance against American rule (1898 to 1902). The U.S. government maintained that U.S. administration of the Philippines was intended to be temporary, pending the development of institutions that would support a free and democratic government and the readiness and ability of the Philippine people to assume responsibility for their own governance. U.S. administration of the Philippines ultimately lasted nearly fifty years, ending in 1946 with Philippine independence following the Second World War (during which the Japanese occupied the islands). The geography of the Philippines has also played a key role in the nation's history. One of the largest island groups in the world with an archipelago of over 7,100 islands, it enjoys a tropical climate with almost 50 percent of its land mass classified as tropical forest. It is the size of Texas and much of it is remote and isolated, experiencing little permanent contact with the national government. The majority of its 80 million populace are located on the main island of Luzon. Filipinos speak nearly ninety different native languages and dialects, with Tagalog and English predominant. It is a nation largely Roman Catholic (83 percent), yet it has a very vocal, albeit small, Muslim element (five percent). Politically, it is broken down into 73 provinces and grouped into 12 regions. An elected governor runs each province. This paper will discuss several issues within Philippine politics and is intended to expand on topics of particular interest to national security strategy practitioners attempting to better understand this "nosiest democracy in Asia." As coordinated with the field studies faculty seminar leader, those topics include: the changing political system; governmental stability and the impact of corruption; the impact of political parties; civil-military relations; judiciary
independence; and freedom of the press."[1]
Territorial integrity and national security had been very important to the constitution of the Philippines because according what I have learned from my professor on International Relations, Ambassador Manalo, “a state is a political legal concept, a group of people occupying a definite territory with a government of it’s own that practices their sovereignty”, this would verify why states should protect their territory. The Philippine constitution defined territory as “The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around between, the connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, from part of the internal waters of the Philippines.”[2]
Are there any issues or challenges to our current government? Does the problem depend on the leader or does the problem fall on the type of government that we have? Do we have any national security to our type of government? I have researched about this and an Adobe file showed up that explains and shows different answers that have been always interrogated. This issue was all about changing The Republic of the Philippines in to a parliamentary government, the agenda of this draft constitution that was proposed was to enhance the economic development of the country, ensure the national security of the country especially the safety of the citizens, and lastly changing the traditional unitary system to a federal system. According to my source this is the advantages of Federalism:
“The Advantages of Federalism. The proposed Federal Republic or Federal System is
based on the so-called principle of .dual sovereignty.. According to this the CMFP
Draft Constitution provides that governmental powers shall be distributed and shared
between the Federal Government (National Government) and the States (Regional
Governments) and their local governments.
Federalism is related to the principle of .popular sovereignty. which states:
.Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.
(Article II. Section 1). There is a constitutional partnership in democratic governance In which the States exercise substantial powers and functions with the needed resources or funding.
In brief, these are some of the specific and concrete advantages of Federalism.
First, a Federal Republic will build a just and enduring framework for peace
through unity in our ethnic, religious, and cultural diversity, especially in relation to
Bangsa Moro or Muslim Filipinos. Responsive Federalism will accommodate their
legitimate interests, end the war in Mindanao, and discourage secessionism.
Second, Federalism will empower our citizens by enabling them to raise their
standard of living and enhance their political awareness, participation and efficacy in
elections and the making of important government decisions. Governance will be
improved and corruption will be reduced by the new division of powers and functions
between the Federal Government and the States, and by the transparency of governance
and its accessibility to the people in the regions, cities, provinces, and municipalities.
CMFP Draft Constitution 5
Third, Federalism will improve governance by empowering and challenging
State and local leaders and entrepreneurs around the country. It will release them from
the present stifling central government control and regulation. It will compel them to
assume greater responsibility for leadership and delivery of services and business, and
reduce their dependence on the national government. As the people will be more
involved in government decisions, they will demand superior performance and public
accountability of their political leaders and officials. At the same time, the people will
be more willing to pay taxes that will finance government programs and services for
their direct benefit.
Fourth, Federalism will hasten the country.s development. Improved
governance at the national level and in the States and localities will stimulate
economic, social, cultural, and political development. There will be inter-State and
regional competition in attracting domestic and foreign investments and industries,
professionals and skilled workers, good teachers and scholars, artists, and tourists. A
renaissance of regional languages and cultures will enrich the national language and
culture. The Federal Government will help support the less endowed and developed
regions, and the poor and the needy across the land, thus promoting a more equitable
development.
Fifth, Federalism, together with parliamentary government, will improve
governance by promoting the development of program-oriented political parties that are responsible and accountable to the people for their conduct and performance in and out of power.
Sixth, Federalism will broaden and deepen democracy and make its institutions
deliver on the constitutional promise of human rights, a better life for all, a just and humane society, and responsible and accountable political leadership and governance. [3]
Other suggestions could answer our problem in enhancing our National security and integrating our territories by intergovernmentalism or joining into international organizations that has agendas that will intersect with our national interest or simply an organization that promotes world peace and ensures that your state is at peace without to affect a state’s sovereignty. An example of intergovernmentalism is the United Nations.
“The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers.
States first established international organizations to cooperate on specific matters. The International Telecommunication Union was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Both are now United Nations specialized agencies.
In 1899, the first International Peace Conference was held in The Hague to elaborate instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902.
The forerunner of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organization conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War, and established in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles "to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security."
The International Labor Organization was also created under the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War.
In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organization to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at Dumbarton Oaks, United States, in August-October 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 member states.
The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and a majority of other signatories. United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.”[4]
Peacekeeping are used to secure the safety of member states in U.N. these are ran by the Security Council. An related article to the U.N. peacekeeping is an article that the Philippines was one part of the Security Council:
he Philippine Presidency of the
Security Council, September 2005
REACHING FOR THE SUMMIT:
How The Philippines Organized the Third Security Council Summit
By AMBASSADOR LAURO L. BAJA JR.
Permanent Representative of the Philippines to the United Nations
WHEN THE Philippines began its second year as non-permanent member of the Security Council, I asked my team at the Philippine Mission how we can replicate the success of our June 2004 presidency of the Council. The release of the High Level Report on Threats, Challenges and Change by a panel of eminent persons commissioned by United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, and a decision to hold a High Level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly in September to discuss what has since been termed as UN Reform, provided us with an opportunity and inspiration—a summit meeting of the Security Council in September while the Philippines is president.[5]
“The United Nations has several tools at its disposal with which to try to keep the peace. As a first step, once the Security Council determines that a threat to the peace exist or an act of aggression has occurred, it may seek o resolve the situation via discussion, in the Security Council. Occasionally, such discussion serves to defuse an impending conflict as one or both give vent to their charges before an international audience. On other occasions, the Security Council may pass a resolution or may pass a resolution or make a recommendation concerning the crisis. Usually, it is then up to the involved parties to adhere to or ignore Security Council recommendations and resolutions.[6]
Closely related to Security Council discussions, resolutions, and recommendations is the imposition of comprehensive economic sanctions. When it imposes comprehensive economic sanctions, the Security Council attempts to influence a country’s policy actions by applying economic pressure on it. However, because of the difficulty of getting widespread support for such sanctions within the Security Council and especially among its five permanent members, comprehensive economic sanctions are rarely imposed. Indeed, after comprehensive economic sanctions were imposed against the minority white government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1966 in response to its racial policies, the UN has only imposed economic sanctions three times, against South Africa in 1977 because of apartheid, against Iraq in 1990 because of its invasion of Kuwait, and against Serbia/Yugoslavia in 1992 because of its warfare against Bosnia-Herzegovina. Even when comprehensive economic sanctions are put into effect, individual UN member states decide whether or not they should abide by them.
Beyond rhetoric and economic sanctions, the Security Council may also ask UN members to make military forces available to UN. However, this is rarely done. Only twice in the UN’s history has there been a military enforcement action. The first time was in 1950, when under U.S. leadership the Security Council recommended that UN members “furnish such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel [North Korea’s] attack” against it. A “unified command under the United States, and the UN forces- mostly US forces, but from 16 other UN member states as well- were deployed to Korea. They remain there today. The second time was in 190, when under Resolution 678, the UN Security council approved “all necessary means” including force to expel Iraq from Kuwait. Within weeks, under U.S. leadership, the 30 countries that sent military forces to the Middle east to oppose Iraq’s takeover of Kuwait launched “operation desert storm.”[7]
In conclusion, there are many different ways to solve the problems of our national security but of course it would depend on our leader’s decision on which process to use to strengthen our security. I believe that if there is a strong military force there is security and power among states but in the case of the Philippines that does not have the financial support needed to strengthen our military forces I prefer hat we should focus on collective security because international relations is indeed very important nowadays. As they say “No one is an island.” In our world today it is very hard to be self sufficient hat is why we have foreign policies to have a set of guidelines in it’s relations with other states.
[1] http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA441546
[3] http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_6315-544-2-30.pd
[4] http://www.un.org/aboutun/unhistory/
[5] http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/index_sc.html
[6] Daniel S, Papp, Contemporary International Relations: Framework of Understanding (Boston: Addison Wesley Longman 2001)
[7] Daniel S, Papp, Contemporary International Relations: Framework of Understanding (Boston: Addison Wesley Longman 2001)
Tuesday, July 6, 2010
seatwork/ activity july 5, 2010
1) What is the mandate of the DFA in terms of being the principal arm to implement foreign policy? What other institutions help on assist the DFA in realizing foreign policy?
The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) advises and assists the President in planning, organizing,
directing, coordinating, integrating, and evaluating the total national effort in the field of foreign
relations in pursuit of its Constitutional mandate.
http://www.dbm.gov.ph/OPIF/dfa-FINAL.pdf
UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines
The UNESCO National Commission of the Philippines (UNACOM)
logo consists of the UNESCO’s official emblem (the acropolis, its
columns formed by the acronym of the organization) and its
complete name beneath the temple in several languages, to show
that the organization is part of the UN system and that it covers and
defends cultural diversities. The temple itself, patterned after the
Greek “high city”, symbolizes power and protection for those under
its wings. A symbol of Greek civilization and democracy, the
acropolis is an apt representation for UNESCO and its member-
states, including the Philippines, as they look up to the organization
as a citadel or rallying point for the dynamic forces of education,
science, and culture to promote total development. A line of dots
in progression completes the logo. It modernizes the emblem
with its touch of movement and airiness.
http://www.dbm.gov.ph/OPIF/dfa-FINAL.pdf
The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) serves as the center for the development and professionalization
of the career foreign service corps. A research institution on issues and problems with foreign
policy implications, as well as on global and regional strategies and management of foreign affairs,
the FSI acts as DFA’s institutional consultant on matters related to foreign policies and programs,
and development management, planning, and review.
http://www.dbm.gov.ph/OPIF/dfa-FINAL.pdf
The Technical Cooperation Council of the Philippines (TCCP) acts as the national focal point for
Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) and as such implements a technical
cooperation program in favor of developing and least developed countries (DCs and LDCs),
coordinates related projects and activities implemented by government- and non-government
organizations, and undertakes research on the technical assistance requirements of DCs and LDCs.
http://www.dbm.gov.ph/OPIF/dfa-FINAL.pdf
2)Enumerate the EIGHT FOREIGN POLICY REALITIES of former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. For each reality find 2-3 related news articles and make an analysis as to what extent did the Arroyo administration work to implement the said realities.
Iraq War
The Arroyo administration has forged a strong relationship with the United States. Arroyo was one of the first world leaders who expressed support for the US-led coalition against global terrorism in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks, and remains one of its closest allies in the war on terror, Following the US-led invasion of Iraq, in July 2003 the Philippines sent a small humanitarian contingent which included medics and engineers. These troops were recalled in July 2004 in response to the kidnapping of Filipino truck driver Angelo de la Cruz. With the hostage takers demands met, the hostage was released. The force was previously due to leave Iraq the following month. The early pullout drew international condemnation, with the United States protesting against the action, saying giving in to terrorist demands should not be an option.
ASEAN Summit
Arroyo's foreign policy is anchored on building strong ties with the United States, East Asian and Southeast Asian nations, and countries where overseas Filipino workers work and live In 2007, the Philippines was host to the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu City.
Philippines-Japan Trade Deal
On August 21, 2007, Arroyo's administration asked the Senate of the Philippines to ratify a $4bn (£2bn) trade deal with Japan (signed on 2006 with the former Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi), which would create more than 300,000 jobs (by specifically increasing local exports such as shrimp to Japan). Japan also promised to hire at least 1,000 Philippine nurses. The opposition-dominated senate objected on the ground that toxic wastes would be sent to the Philippines; the government denied this due to the diplomatic notes which stated that it would not be accepting Japanese waste in exchange for economic concessions.
Council of Women World Leaders
In keeping with this international mission, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is a member of the Council of Women World Leaders, an International network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo#cite_note-cnna-46
1) China, Japan and US and their relationship will be a determining influence in the security situation and economic evolution of east asia
2) Philippine foreign policy have to be made in the context of ASEAN
3) The Islamic community will continue to be important
4) The importance of multilateral and inter-regional organizations
5) As an archipelagic state, the defense of the nations sovereignty and the protection of it’s environment and natural resources could be carried out only to the extent that if asserts the rights of our maritime territory and gets others to respect these rights
6) Country’s economic policy will continue to be friendly to both domestic and foreign direct investments
7) The Philippines can benefit most quickly from the international tourism
8) Overseas Filipinos will continue tp be recognized for this critical role in the country’s economic and social stability
Philippines fight over trade deal
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is keen for the deal to be ratified |
The Philippine government is urging the country's senate to ratify a $4bn (£2bn) trade deal with Japan, which it says may create more than 300,000 jobs.
The agreement, struck last year, would bolster local exports such as shrimp to Japan, the government said, a market being eyed by trading rival Thailand.
Japan has also pledged to employ at least 1,000 Philippine nurses.
But the opposition-dominated senate has objected with claims the deal would see toxic waste sent to the Philippines.
However, this has been denied by the government, which said that diplomatic notes had been exchanged stating that it would not be accepting Japanese waste in exchange for economic concessions.
The deal was originally struck last year by president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and the former Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi.
Since then a number of Japanese firms have expressed an interest in investing about $4bn in the Philippine economy, with food, automotive and textile industries among those being targeted.
Japan is currently the second largest buyer of produce such as bananas and pineapples from the Philippines, after the US
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6957128.stm
3)with the assistance og different bureaus, institutions as well as interest groups, it is the President that drafts state policies. What do you think will be included in the President Noynoy Aquino's foreign policy list now that he has assumed presidency? Identify 5 issues and find news clippings (at least one for each issue) to support your answer.
Be responsive to OFWs, Aquino orders DFA, other agencies
By Cynthia Balana
Philippine Daily Inquirer
First Posted 21:32:00 07/06/2010
Filed Under: News, Labor, Foreign affairs & international relations, Overseas Employment
MANILA, Philippines—President Aquino has ordered the Department of Foreign Affairs and other concerned departments and agencies in the government to be even more responsive to the needs and welfare of overseas Filipino workers.
Foreign Secretary Alberto Romulo said this Tuesday as he assured the President during the first Cabinet meeting that the DFA would further improve its assistance to the OFWs.
Romulo said the protection of OFWs, and the creation of jobs at home so that they will no longer look for employment abroad were among the policies of the Aquino administration that were very well taken.
He said that as the government works toward that end, the President ordered the DFA, the Department of Labor, the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration, the Philippine Overseas Employment Authority and other agencies to be even more responsive to the needs and welfare of OFWs.
“In fact, he gave me this directive to be responsive to the needs of overseas workers and that's part of his programs – jobs, education and health,” the secretary said in an interview over ANC network.
“And I tell you, he means to implement that. In fact, these are the marching orders that we got in the Cabinet meeting. It will certainly help our deployment of our Filipinos abroad,” he added.
Romulo also lauded the President's statement in his inaugural speech that the country will continue to maintain good relations with the international community. But the President said the international affairs would have to take a back seat to more pressing domestic issues, which would tantamount to delaying any possible foreign trips that he might make.
“Well, that is a good statement because I believe and I think the President also believes that foreign policy is an extension of domestic policy and that foreign policy, in fact, starts at home and that the more effective and strong the domestic policy, the more effective and strong is the foreign policy,” Romulo stressed.
Romulo also said that Mr. Aquino has made important policy pronouncements as far as foreign policy was concerned.
He cited as an example the President's promise to make the Philippines attractive to investors by cutting red tape, combating corruption and making government “an enabler,” or making it work instead of acting as a hindrance.
“One of the pillars of our foreign policy is economic diplomacy. This redounds overwhelmingly with the foreign community and that's what he was telling me so that this strong domestic policy will reverberate all over the world, with investors. That's what they're waiting for. No red tape, reform the bureaucracy,” Romulo said.
Call on H.E. Mr. Benigno Aquino, President of the Republic of the Philippines by H.E. Mr. Osamu Fujimura, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (Ambassador on Special Mission)
0.On July 1, H.E. Mr. Osamu Fujimura, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, who was visiting Manila to attend the Inauguration Ceremony of the President and Vice-President of the Republic of the Philippines on June 30 as Ambassador on Special Mission, paid a courtesy call on H.E. Mr. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III, President of the Philippines, at the Malacanang Palace.
0.During the meeting with the President, State Secretary Fujimura transmitted the congratulatory message from H.M. the Emperor of Japan and also expressed on behalf of the Government of Japan congratulations on the inauguration of President Aquino. He also expressed hope that the two countries would further strengthen their partnership under the new administrations on both sides, led by Prime Minister Kan and President Aquino respectively. State Secretary Fujimura further stated that Japan, as the top donor to the Philippines, would remain committed to assisting the Philippines through the ODA (Official Development Assistance), and informed the President that the Japanese government had newly approved a project to provide public schools in Luzon and Visayas region with personal computers(*). Furthermore, State Secretary Fujimura renewed Japan’s commitment to supporting and contributing to the Mindanao peace process.
0.In response, President Aquino expressed his appreciation for Japan’s support to the Philippines through ODA and its contribution to the Mindanao peace process. He also stated that his administration would address the task of improving the business environment for the Japanese companies.
0.State Secretary Fujimura also referred to the inauguration speech by the President which stressed the importance of education. Both sides shared the view that it is most important for the state to support education to ensure a better future for children.
(*) Note: The project will provide the total of 7,750 desktop computers to 775 public high schools in Luzon and Visayas, giving at least 170,000 students a hands-on experience with computers. 775 teachers are also expected to train themselves in using computers as education material.
http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/7/0701_01.html
4) how significant is the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the Philippine Foreign Policy?
Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)
As a founding member of the ASEAN, the Philippines fully supports the vision for a more
united and integrated ASEAN Community, working together towards economic growth, social
progress, and cultural development in the region.2 The goverment considers the large market of
ASEAN as responsive to its economic development; however, it cannot be denied that ASEAN is also
becoming more and more an instrument towards the security of the region. Thus, the Philippines shall
continue to share intelligence and operational information with its allies in Indonesia and Malaysia to
curtail the movements of the Jemaah Islamiyah and the Al Qaeda cells in the region (Chapter 23:
Defense Against Threats to National Security).
http://www.neda.gov.ph/ads/mtpdp/MTPDP2004-2010/PDF/MTPDP%202004-2010%20NEDA_Chapterx24_FPolicy.pdf
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